Factors associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with self-reported happiness among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Searches were conducted in the PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed databases for relevant articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese using the following search strategy and Boolean operators: (happiness*) AND (elder* OR (old adult*)). No restriction was imposed with regards to year of publication. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018107302). RESULTS: Forty-six articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Economic, social and health-related factors were associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults. The sociodemographic characteristics of older adults, such as the female sex, being married, an older age, a higher level of schooling and having a religion, were also associated with happiness. CONCLUSIONS: The articles included in the present systematic review demonstrate that social, economic and health-related aspects have an association with happiness in community-dwelling older adults.

Impacto dos sintomas de ansiedade na qualidade de vida na doença de Parkinson: uma revisão sistemática / Impact of anxiety symptoms on quality of life in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar estudos relacionados ao impacto da ansiedade na qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença de Parkinson. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada nos bancos de dados PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e PsycINFO, com os descritores: "anxiety", "Parkinson's disease" e "quality of life". Foram selecionados 20 artigos publicados em inglês e sem limite de tempo. Resultado: A maioria dos estudos demonstrou correlação direta entre ansiedade e qualidade de vida em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson. Apenas dois estudos não encontraram essa associação. A presença de sintomas de ansiedade parece estar relacionada com a gravidade dos sintomas motores, sexo feminino e idade mais jovem, levando a um impacto maior na qualidade de vida. Conclusão: Os artigos analisados mostraram que a ansiedade tem impacto negativo sobre a qualidade de vida de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review studies related to the impact of anxiety on the quality of life in Parkinson's disease patients. Methods: A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO databases with the keywords: anxiety, Parkinson's disease and quality of life. We selected 20 articles published in English, no time limit. Results: Most studies showed positive correlation between anxiety and quality of life in Parkinson's disease individuals. This relation was not found by only two studies. The presence of anxiety symptoms seems to be related to severity of motor symptoms, female sex and early onset of Parkinson's disease, leading to a greater impact on quality of life. Conclusion: The articles analyzed showed that anxiety has negative impact on quality of life of Parkinson's disease individuals.

Chronic pain in elderly caregivers at different levels of frailty. / Dor crônica de idosos cuidadores em diferentes níveis de fragilidade.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are differences in the intensity of chronic pain of elderly caregivers who are frail, pre-frail and non-frail. METHODS: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The subjects were 187 elderly caregivers evaluated with a Multidimensional Pain Assessment Scale and the Fried Frailty Phenotype Assessment Components. Descriptive and comparative analyzes, Pearson's chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. RESULTS: 24.1% of the caregivers were frail, 55.1% pre-frail and 20.9% non-frail. The only socio-demographic variable that differed between the three groups was age (p=0.03). Mean pain intensity values were as follows: frail elderly (6.98), pre-frail (6.38) and non-frail (5.85). However, these differences were not significant (p=0.150). CONCLUSIONS: The present study did not find a significant difference in the intensity of chronic pain in elderly. Nevertheless, it is essential that health professionals and health care public policies give special attention to older caregivers.

Empatia e reconhecimento de expressões faciais de emoções básicas e complexas em estudantes de Medicina / Empathy and facial expression recognition of basic and complex emotions in medical students

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a empatia e a capacidade de reconhecimento de emoções básicas e complexas e suas correlações em estudantes de Medicina. Métodos O desenho do estudo foi transversal. Foram avaliados 86 alunos do 3º e 4º ano do curso de Medicina de uma faculdade de Medicina do interior do estado de São Paulo com os seguintes instrumentos: (i) escala Jefferson de empatia, (ii) tarefa de Reconhecimento de Expressões Faciais de emoções básicas (REF) e (iii) Reading the mind in the eyes test (RMEt). Resultados A média geral de acertos no REF foi 15,6 (DP: ±2,3). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante no número de acertos da emoção tristeza no sexo feminino comparado com o masculino (t84 = 2,30; p = 0,02). Em relação ao RMEt, a média geral de acertos foi de 26,5 (DP: ±3,3) com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os gêneros com maior número de acertos entre as estudantes do sexo feminino (t84 = 3,43; p < 0,01). O escore total médio na escala de empatia foi 121,3 (DP: ±9,8). Houve correlação positiva fraca entre o escore total da escala de empatia e o número de acertos para a emoção tristeza (r = 0,29; p < 0,01). Conclusão O número de acertos para a emoção tristeza no REF e o escore total do RMEt foi maior no sexo feminino comparado com sexo masculino. Além disso, a empatia parece estar diretamente relacionada com a capacidade de reconhecer a emoção tristeza. Outros estudos parecem pertinentes para avaliar de forma mais profunda aspectos de empatia e reconhecimento de expressões faciais da emoção em estudantes de medicina.

ABSTRACT Objective The aim was to evaluate empathy and facial expression recognition of basic and complex emotions and their correlations in medical students. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in a medical school of the state of São Paulo. We evaluated 86 third and fourth year medical students with the following instruments: (i) Jefferson Scale of Empathy, (ii) Facial Expression Recognition of basic emotions task (REF) and (iii) Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMEt). Results The overall mean score in the REF was 15.6 (SD: ±2.3). There was a statistical significant difference in the number of correct responses in sadness emotion in female gender compared to male (t84 = 2.30; p = 0.02). Regarding RMEt, the overall mean score was 26.5 (SD: ±3.3) with statistically significant difference between genders with higher number of correct responses among female students (t84 = 3.43; p < 0.01). The mean score on the empathy scale was 121.3 (SD: ±9.8). There was significant weak positive correlation between the total score of empathy scale and the recognition of sadness facial emotion (r = 0.29; p < 0.01). Conclusion The number of correct responses to sadness emotion in the REF and the total score of RMEt was higher in female students compared to male. In addition, empathy seems to be directly related to the ability to recognize sadness. Other studies are needed to provide a deeper understanding of empathy and facial emotion recognition in medical students.

Dor crônica de idosos cuidadores em diferentes níveis de fragilidade / Dolor crónico de cuidadores mayores de la tercera edad en diferentes niveles de fragilidad / Chronic pain in elderly caregivers at different levels of frailty

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar se existe diferença na intensidade da dor crônica de idosos cuidadores frágeis, pré-frágeis e não frágeis. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal. Foram avaliados 187 idosos, utilizando-se a Escala Multidimensional de Avaliação da Dor e o fenótipo dos cinco componentes da fragilidade. Realizaram-se análises descritivas e comparativas, Teste de QuiQuadrado de Pearson e Teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados 24,1% dos cuidadores eram frágeis, 55,1%, pré-frágeis e 20,9%, não-frágeis. A única variável sociodemográfica diferente entre os três grupos foi a idade (p=0,03). A intensidade média da dor de idosos frágeis foi 6,98, de pré-frágeis, 6,38 e de não frágeis, 5,85. Porém, essas diferenças não foram significativas (p=0,150). Conclusões Não foi possível verificar diferença significativa na intensidade da dor crônica de idosos cuidadores, no entanto, é primordial que haja uma maior atenção dos profissionais de saúde e políticas públicas de atenção à saúde voltadas ao idoso cuidador.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar si existen diferencias en la intensidad del dolor crónico de los cuidadores de edad avanzada que son frágiles, prefrágiles y no frágiles. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Se evaluaron 187 cuidadores de ancianos utilizando Escala Multidimensional de Evaluación del Dolor y el fenotipo de los cinco componentes de la fragilidad. Los análisis descriptivos y comparativos, se utilizaron, prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados El 24,1% de los cuidadores era frágil, el 55,1% de prefrágil y el 20,9% no frágil. La única variable sociodemográfica que fue diferente entre los tres grupos fueron la edad (p=0,03). La intensidad media del dolor de los ancianos frágiles era 6,98, el prefrágil 6.38, y no frágil 5,85. Sin embargo, estas diferencias no fueron significativas (p=0,150). Conclusiones No fue posible encontrar una diferencia significativa en la intensidad del dolor crónico en ancianos. Sin embargo, es esencial que los profesionales de la salud y las políticas públicas dirigidos a cuidadores ancianos.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine whether there are differences in the intensity of chronic pain of elderly caregivers who are frail, pre-frail and non-frail. Methods Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The subjects were 187 elderly caregivers evaluated with a Multidimensional Pain Assessment Scale and the Fried Frailty Phenotype Assessment Components. Descriptive and comparative analyzes, Pearson's chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. Results 24.1% of the caregivers were frail, 55.1% pre-frail and 20.9% non-frail. The only socio-demographic variable that differed between the three groups was age (p=0.03). Mean pain intensity values were as follows: frail elderly (6.98), pre-frail (6.38) and non-frail (5.85). However, these differences were not significant (p=0.150). Conclusions The present study did not find a significant difference in the intensity of chronic pain in elderly. Nevertheless, it is essential that health professionals and health care public policies give special attention to older caregivers.